Bib. Me: Free Bibliography & Citation Maker. Select style& search. Select style & search. ![]() Wren and Martin High school English grammar PDF book is preferred to those aspirants who are preparing for Bank PO/Clerks,IBPS exam. The history of English grammars begins late in the sixteenth century with the Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar. In the early works, the structure and rules of. TOEFL A-Z Online Resources. TOEFL iBT Free Online Practice Tests, TOEFL Practice Software, and TOEFL Vocabulary and Grammar Materials Free Download. Search for a book, article, website, film, or enter the information yourself. Add it easily and continue. Add it easily and continue. Add it to your bibliography and continue citing to build your works cited list. Download bibliography. Download bibliography. Download your bibliography in either the APA, MLA, Chicago or Turabian formats. St Paul's Cathedral - Wikipedia. St Paul's Cathedral, London, is an Anglicancathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade 1 listed building. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 6. The present cathedral, dating from the late 1. English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the City after the Great Fire of London.[2]The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London. Its dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City churches, has dominated the skyline for over 3. At 3. 65 feet (1. London from 1. 71. The dome is among the highest in the world. St Paul's is the second- largest church building in area in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral. St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity.[4] It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as of images of the dome surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz.[4] Services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher; jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer; the launch of the Festival of Britain; and the thanksgiving services for the Silver, Golden and Diamond. Jubilees and the 8. Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services. The tourist entry fee at the door is £1. March 2. 01. 7, cheaper online), but no charge is made to worshippers. History[edit]Pre- Norman cathedrals[edit]A list of the 1. London was recorded by Jocelyne of Furness in the 1. London's Christian community was founded in the 2nd century under the legendary King Lucius and his missionary saints Fagan, Deruvian, Elvanus and Medwin. None of that is considered credible by modern historians but, although the surviving text is problematic, either Bishop Restitutus or Adelphius at the 3. Council of Arles seems to have come from Londinium.[a] The location of Londinium's original cathedral is unknown. The present structure of St Peter upon Cornhill was designed by Christopher Wren following the Great Fire in 1. Londinium and medieval legends tie it to the city's earliest Christian community. In 1. 99. 5, however, a large and ornate 5th century building on Tower Hill was excavated, which might have been the city's cathedral. The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued that a temple to the goddess Diana had stood during Roman times on the site occupied by the medieval St Paul's Cathedral. Wren reported that he had found no trace of any such temple during the works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire, and Camden's hypothesis is no longer accepted by modern archaeologists. Bede records that in AD 6. St Augustine consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Anglo- Saxon kingdom of the East Saxons and their king, Sæberht. Sæberht's uncle and overlord, Æthelberht, king of Kent, built a church dedicated to St Paul in London, as the seat of the new bishop. It is assumed, although unproven, that this first Anglo- Saxon cathedral stood on the same site as the later medieval and the present cathedrals. On the death of Sæberht in about 6. Mellitus from London, and the East Saxons reverted to paganism. The fate of the first cathedral building is unknown. Christianity was restored among the East Saxons in the late 7th century and it is presumed that either the Anglo- Saxon cathedral was restored or a new building erected as the seat of bishops such as Cedd, Wine and Earconwald, the last of whom was buried in the cathedral in 6. This building, or a successor, was destroyed by fire in 9. King Æthelred the Unready was buried in the cathedral on his death in 1. The cathedral was burnt, with much of the city, in a fire in 1. Anglo- Saxon Chronicle.[1. Old St Paul's[edit]The fourth St Paul's, generally referred to as Old St Paul's, was begun by the Normans after the 1. A further fire in 1. During the period of construction, the style of architecture had changed from Romanesque to Gothic and this was reflected in the pointed arches and larger windows of the upper parts and East End of the building. The Gothic ribbed vault was constructed, like that of York Minster, of wood rather than stone, which affected the ultimate fate of the building. Reconstructed image of Old St Paul's before 1. An enlargement programme commenced in 1. This 'New Work' was consecrated in 1. During the later Medieval period St Paul's was exceeded in length only by the Abbey Church of Cluny and in the height of its spire only by Lincoln Cathedral and St. Mary's Church, Stralsund. Excavations by Francis Penrose in 1. The spire was about 4. By the 1. 6th century the building was starting to decay. After the Protestant Reformation under Henry VIII and Edward VI, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and Chantries Acts led to the destruction of interior ornamentation and the cloisters, charnels, crypts, chapels, shrines, chantries and other buildings in St Paul's Churchyard. Many of these former Catholic sites in the churchyard, having been seized by the Crown, were sold as shops and rental properties, especially to printers and booksellers, who were often Puritans. In 1. 56. 1 the spire was destroyed by lightning, an event that was taken by both Protestants and Roman Catholics as a sign of God's displeasure at each other. In the 1. 63. 0s a west front was added to the building by England's first classical architect, Inigo Jones. There was much defacing and mistreatment of the building by Parliamentarian forces during the Civil War, and the old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed.[1. During the Commonwealth, those churchyard buildings that were razed supplied ready- dressed building material for construction projects, such as the Lord Protector's city palace, Somerset House. Crowds were drawn to the north- east corner of the churchyard, St Paul's Cross, where open- air preaching took place. In the Great Fire of London of 1. Old St Paul's was gutted. While it might have been possible to reconstruct it, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style. This course of action had been proposed even before the fire. Present St Paul's[edit]. St Paul's Cathedral in 1. The task of designing a replacement structure was officially assigned to Sir Christopher Wren on 3. July 1. 66. 9. He had previously been put in charge of the rebuilding of churches to replace those lost in the Great Fire. More than 5. 0 City churches are attributable to Wren. Concurrent with designing St Paul's, Wren was engaged in the production of his five Tracts on Architecture.[1. Wren had begun advising on the repair of the Old St Paul's in 1. The proposed work included renovations to interior and exterior to complement the classical facade designed by Inigo Jones in 1. Wren planned to replace the dilapidated tower with a dome, using the existing structure as a scaffold. He produced a drawing of the proposed dome which shows his idea that it should span nave and aisles at the crossing. After the Fire, it was at first thought possible to retain a substantial part of the old cathedral, but ultimately the entire structure was demolished in the early 1. In July 1. 66. 8 Dean William Sancroft wrote to Wren that he was charged by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in agreement with the Bishops of London and Oxford, to design a new cathedral that was "handsome and noble to all the ends of it and to the reputation of the City and the nation". The design process took several years, but a design was finally settled and attached to a royal warrant, with the proviso that Wren was permitted to make any further changes that he deemed necessary. The result was the present St Paul's Cathedral, still the second largest church in Britain, with a dome proclaimed as the finest in the world. The building was financed by a tax on coal, and was completed within its architect's lifetime with many of the major contractors engaged for the duration. The "topping out" of the cathedral (when the final stone was placed on the lantern) took place on 2. October 1. 70. 8, performed by Wren's son Christopher Jr and the son of one of the masons.
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